First, the team gauged the participants preconceived beliefs about and attitudes toward machines - what is called a "machine heuristic".The researchers recruited participants from the online workforce, Amazon Mechanical Turk, to gain a better understanding of user psychology behind the acceptance of automation in clinics.The study was presented at the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems in Glasgow, Scotland.

"Doctors are limited by their human bandwidth, by their experience, knowledge and even state of mind from minute to minute," he said."There is increasing use of automated systems in the medical field, where intake is now often conducted through a kiosk instead of by a receptionist," said S Shyam Sundar, one of the researchers, Penn State University. They initiated online chat interactions with the various types of avatars to test the participants acceptance of those healthcare providers and their intentions to use those providers in the future."In contrast, machines can be programmed to think of all the possible conditions that a patients symptoms could point to, and they never get tired.."A machine heuristic involves stereotypes people have about machines, including their beliefs in machines infallibility, objectivity, and efficiency," said Sundar.Researchers at Penn State University have claimed that people who have high confidence in machines and in their own technological capabilities are more likely to use and accept digital healthcare services.

Some level of automation is clearly needed," he added.According to Sundar, the healthcare industry can benefit from increased reliance on automated systems.Next, they exposed participants to various combinations of the healthcare provider, such as receptionist, nurse, and doctor; and agent types, such as human, avatar, and machine."We also found that power usage predicted acceptance of digital healthcare providers."We found that if you are high on machine heuristic and you are high on power usage, you have the most positive attitude toward automated healthcare providers. This combination seems to make people more accepting of these technologies," said Sundar.The team also noticed a double dose effect of machine heuristic and power usage.

The researchers also asked participants a variety of questions to rate their "power usage," or level of expertise and comfort in using machines."We found that the higher peoples beliefs were in the machine heuristic, the more positive their attitude was toward the agent and the greater their intention was to China 72 cavity-Preform Mould Manufacturers use the service in the future," said Sundar.The team measured participants adherence to the machine heuristic by asking them to indicate their level of agreement with statements. A power user (a person with advanced computer skills) is more likely to accept a robot doctor, for example, than a non-power user," he added

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